15 Positions and Their Variations

15 Positions and Their Variations 15 Positions and Their Variations 15 Positions and Their Variations By Mark Nichol Position, as a verb meaning â€Å"set† or â€Å"place† and as a noun referring to the attitude or location in which something is set or placed, is derived from the Latin verb ponere, as are a number of terms using that word as a base to form new meanings revealed more or less transparently by their prefixes. A list of these verbs and nouns, as well as a few related adjectives, plus simple definitions and their literal meanings for each word, are included here. appose: put near (â€Å"set near†) apposite: appropriate, well placed (â€Å"set near†) apposition: noun or noun phrases with the same meaning set adjacent to each other, or that relationship; also, proximity, or the deposition of layers (â€Å"something set near†) compose: create (â€Å"set with†) composer: a creator (â€Å"one who sets with†) composite: made of different parts (â€Å"set with†) composition: a creation (â€Å"something set with†) decompose: disintegrate (â€Å"removing something from being set with†) decomposition: disintegration (â€Å"something removed from being set with†) depose and deposit: put down (â€Å"remove from being set†) deposit and deposition: something put down (â€Å"something removed from being set†) dispose: put away (â€Å"set away†) disposal and disposition: the act of putting something away; disposition also refers to an attitude, mood, or tendency (â€Å"something set away†) expose: show (â€Å"set out†) exposition: something shown (â€Å"something set out†) expository: shown (set out†) impose: place pressure on someone (â€Å"set on†) imposition: pressure placed on someone (â€Å"something set on†) interpose: interrupt or place between (â€Å"set between†) interposition: interruption or placement between (â€Å"something set between†) juxtapose: place together for comparison (â€Å"set beside†) juxtaposition: placement together for comparison (â€Å"something set beside†) oppose: disagree (â€Å"set against†) opposite: against (â€Å"set against†) opposition: disagreement (â€Å"something set against†) presuppose: assume or require something is true, exists, or will happen (â€Å"set on before†) presupposition: an assumption that something is true, exists, or will happen (â€Å"something set on before†) propose and proposition: suggest (â€Å"set forth†) proposal and proposition: a suggestion (â€Å"something set forth†) superimpose: place on top of something else (â€Å"set over†) superimposition: something placed on top of something else (â€Å"something set over†) superpose: same as superimpose, but with an additional sense of placing geometric figures congruently atop each other suppose: assume (â€Å"set under†) supposition: assumption (â€Å"something set under†) suppository: medicine placed in the rectum or vagina (â€Å"something set under†) transpose: move away (â€Å"set across†) transposition: movement away (â€Å"something set across†) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:60 Synonyms for â€Å"Walk†Does "Mr" Take a Period?How to Treat Names of Groups and Organizations

Explain and assess Haidts ‘moral foundations’ theory The WritePass Journal

Explain and assess Haidts ‘moral foundations’ theory Introduction Explain and assess Haidts ‘moral foundations’ theory ) ‘think of this innate organization as being implemented by sets of related modules which work together to guide and constrain responses to each particular problem.’ The final claim is that morality is influenced by cultural learning. This takes places through a set of ‘learning modules’, which are innate and can be used to build on one’s genetic inheritance. For example, the tendency to bow in deference or respect is common to many cultures, but this is adapted to locally-specific cultural contexts and by ‘the time a Hindu girl reaches adulthood, she will have developed culturally-specific knowledge that makes her automatically initiate bowing movements when she encounters, say, a respected politician for the first time.’ In an American household, however, this foundation might be dropped early on. Despite both girls starting off with the ‘same sets of universal learning modules†¦.the universal (and incomplete) first draft of the moral mind gets filled in and revised so that the child can successfully navigate the moral â€Å"matrix† he or she actually experiences.’ Different societies us e different foundations to build their moralities, and some use all of them. MFT, therefore, is an intuitionist theory contending that human moral systems are the combination of innate predispositions and cultural learning. Additionally, judgements are made rapidly on the basis of a plurality of in-built mechanisms, which have been ‘hardwired’ into humans over the course of our species’ evolution. The rest of this essay will present, explain, and assess, in no particular order, the specific foundations postulated by MFT. There are supposedly five or six empirically supported ‘foundations’ for moral judgements, but MFT allows for others being discovered in the future. The first is the care/harm foundation. Human offspring ‘are unusually dependent, and for an unusually long time’ and the intuitive reactions of females have been ‘optimized to detect signs of suffering, distress, or neediness’ for the purpose of raising more offspring. ‘The original triggers of the Care/harm foundation are ‘visual and auditory signs of suffering, distress, or neediness expressed by one’s own child’, but they can be activated by other children, baby animals, stuffed toys with childlike qualities, or descriptions of suffering. This foundation leads to the creation of terms such as ‘kind’ and ‘cruel’, which are valued differently by different cultures (e.g., classical Sparta vs. Buddhist societies). The second is the fairness/cheating foundation. Social animals face non-zero-sum games in which it is advantageous to cooperate. Creatures ‘whose minds are organized in advance of experience to be highly sensitive to evidence of cheating and cooperation, and to react with emotions that compel them to play â€Å"tit for tat†, had an advantage over those who had to figure out their next move using their general intelligence.’ Social partners with reputations for certain types of behaviour are therefore labelled with words such as ‘fair’, ‘just’, and ‘trustworthy’. The third is the loyalty/betrayal foundation. It was advantageous for our ancestors to form cohesive groups when competing for territory and resources. This same behaviour can be seen in troops of chimpanzees. So humans have developed an innate predisposition to form groups. This manifests today in numerous areas, from nationalism to sports and brand loyalty. The fourth is the authority/subversion foundation. Dominance hierarchies are common among many primates, and the ability to recognise and react by forming strategic relationships yielded an evolutionary advantage. Modules of the human mind in this foundation explain why we submit to many useful but constraining societal structures, such as the police force and political leaders. The varied development of this foundation explains why different societies (modern-day China vs. America) or groups (social conservatives vs. liberals) value authority in different ways. The fifth is the sanctity/degradation foundation. Human evolution carried adaptive challenges, such as moving from tree-based to ground-based living, living in larger, denser groups, and eating more meat, some of which was scavenged. This exposed us to a greater number of pathogens and parasites, and we therefore developed a pre-emptory, in-built sensitivity to factors other than the ‘sensory properties of potential foods, friends, and mates.’ ‘Disgust and the behavioral immune system have come to undergird a variety of moral reactions, e.g., to immigrants and sexual deviants’ There are numerous criticisms of MFT, most of which are directed at one of the four main claims undergirding it: nativism, plurality, cultural learning, and intuitionism. One problem with nativism, for example, is that it is difficult to determine the extent to which the mind is ‘hardwired’. As Graham et al., put it: ‘opinions range widely from minimalist positions, which say that there is hardly any writing on the â€Å"first draft† of the mind, to maximalist positions such as massive modularity’ Indeed, the ambiguity here has led some to criticise MFT, and nativism in general, on the grounds that it lacks empirical neuroscientific evidence for the existence of modules. However, this is not reasonable at present. Given that the field is yet to ‘find a set of genes that, collectively, explains 5% of the variance in how tall people are what chance is there that anyone will find a set of genes that code for mental modules (such as loyalty or sanct ity) whose expression is far more subject to cultural influence than is height?’ There is also considerable criticism of the emphasis MFT places on intuitionism. For example, some argue ‘that that intuition and reasoning are best seen as partners in a dance, in which either partner can lead and the other will follow.’ However, whatever the prominent role of reason, this seems misleading at the very least. As has been referenced already in this essay, and as Hume showed in his Treatise, it is not clear how reason can establish the first principles from which logical argument follows. Moral axioms cannot be given a logical foundation, and to the extent that they exist in nature and are ‘hardwired’, they cannot be expressed. Therefore, they are beyond realm of reason by their very nature. To say that reasoning can lead when it is necessarily guided by intuitive first principles is therefore unsupportable. Interesting critiques come from the monists, who disagree with the pluralism hypothesis. Gray et al. believe that the care/harm foundation is the only one that is truly foundational. Graham et al. (2012) call this Procrustean, citing the fact that certain moral judgements, such as disgust, appear not to be accounted for by the care/harm foundation. Their confidence in this matter, however, is arguably misplaced. Disgust over, say, a dirty environment could be seen as a cause of harm. Perhaps those creatures with a predisposition to avoid unclean environments encountered fewer pathogens, for example, or were at less risk of being exposed to small but dangerous creatures such as spiders and snakes. Clearly, emotions, such as disgust, can potentially be explained by the care/harm foundation. The difficulty here arises in attempting to make bold comment about the way our ancestors perceived the links between various phenomena and their effects. While it is possible to argue that matters of disgust have little to do with harm, perhaps there is link that has not yet been discovered. Some critics suggest that there should also be an oppression/liberty foundation. This is the potential sixth foundation being worked on by Haidt. Others point to the fact that MFT might be missing a waste/inefficiency foundation. These critiques focus on the particular pluralisms chosen for MFT. This is really a matter of fine-tuning, rather than any fundamental. This essay has sought to explain and assess Haidt’s MTF. It has emerged that its central claims are extremely well-founded. The SIM has strong roots that date back to the empirical tradition in Britain and which still have not been successfully overturned. With the developments in psychology, neuroscience, and evolutionary biology, both intuitionism and nativism rest on firm foundations. There are philosophical and other objections that can be targeted at the pluralism element of MFT. This is not to say that it is incorrect but rather that the confidence with which the claim is made is not justified. This essay has not sought to address deontological critiques of the MFT. There are those who would argue that MFT is asking the wrong questions, namely what morality is rather than what it should be. However, given that this problem was so adequately dealt with by Hume in his Treatise, it seems appropriate that scholars building on his legacy should develop a descriptive moral the ory instead. Bibliography Berlin, Isaiah, ‘My intellectual path’ in H. Hardy (ed.), The Power of Ideas 1-23, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001 Bruner, Jerome, The process of education, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1960 Davis, Jody L.., Rusbult, Caryl, E. ‘Attitude alignment in close relationships’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81 (2001), pp. 65-84 Edwards, Kari., von Hippel, William, ‘Hearts and minds: The priority of affective versus cognitive factors in person perception’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21 (1995), pp. 996-1011. Graham, Jesse, Haidt, Jonathan, Koleva, Sena., Motyl, Matt., Iyer, Ravi, Wojcik, Sean P. and Ditto, Peter. H, ‘Moral Foundations Theory: The Pragmatic Validity of Moral Pluralism’, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (2012) Gray, Kurt, Young, Liana, and Waytz, Adam, ‘Mind perception is the essence of morality’, Psychological Inquiry, 23, (2012), pp. 101-124 Greenwald, Anthony. G., and Banaji, Mahzarin. R, ‘Implicit social cognition’, Psychological Review, 102, (1995), pp. 4-27 Haidt, Jonathan, The righteous mind: Why good people are divided by politics and religion. New York: Pantheon, 2012 Haidt, Jonathan, ‘The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail: A Social Intuitionist Approach to Moral Judgment’, Psychological Review, Vol. 108. No. 4 (2001), pp. 814-834 Joyce, Richard, The Evolution of Morality, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2005 Mineka, Susan, Cook, M., ‘Social learning and the acquisition of snake fear in monkeys’, in Thomas. R. Zentall John. B. G. Galef (Eds.), Social learning: Psychological and biological perspectives (pp. 51-74). Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1988 Narvaez, Darcia, ‘Moral complexity: The fatal attraction of truthiness and the importance of mature moral functioning’, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5 (2010), pp. 163-181 Perkins, David. N., Farady, Mike., Bushey, B., ‘Everyday reasoning and the roots of intelligence’ in Voss, James F., Perkins, David N., and J. W. Segal (Eds.), Informal reasoning and education (pp. 83-105). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1991 Skitka, Linda J. ‘The psychological foundations of moral conviction, in Wright, Jennifer and Sarkissian Ryan H (eds) Advances in Moral Psychology (pp.267-281), Bloomsbury Academic Press, 2010 [Accessed 09/03/2014] http://tigger.uic.edu/~lskitka/Foundations.pdf Suhler, Christopher. L., Churchland, Patricia, ‘Can innate, modular â€Å"foundations† explain morality? Challenges for Haidts moral foundations theory’, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(9) (2011), pp. 2103-2116 Williams, Bernard, ‘Rationalism’ in P. Edwards (Ed.) The encyclopedia of philosophy (Vols. 7-8, pp. 69-75) New York: Macmillan, 1967

Global Warming and how it effects he world in a negative way and how Essay

Global Warming and how it effects he world in a negative way and how it must be stopped - Essay Example The outcomes are very severe like those of glacier’s melting as the internal environment of the globe heats up, which can cause an increase in sea level which would eventually be disastrous for coastal cities round the globe. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Third Assessment Report projected various emission outcomes, under which North America, over the next century could warm at 1-3˚C in under low emissions, or 3.5-7.5˚C in a high emissions scenario (Gupta 41). Every other country is suffering from the effects of global warming and it has become a big environment opponent. But a big issue in stopping global warming is that the emission of carbon dioxide guaranty increased economic activity and hence, it cannot be slowed down or diminished completely. A wise solution is that ethanol must be used in automobiles as a fuel since it is renewable and does not cause as much green house effect as caused by burning of other fossil fuels. No doubt the concep t of global warming swallowing the whole earth has greatly mobilized the people and they are trying any possible means to reduce its effect like performing recycling and using alternative fuels (ethanol fuel

The Flood Myth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Flood Myth - Essay Example Comparative approaches to mythology had great popularity among the 18th-19th century scholars. Majority of the scholars believed that all myths showed signs of having originated from a single mythical theme. Noah’s ark is the vessel in Genesis (chapter 6-9) of the Bible where God saves Noah and his family plus a remnant of all animals in the world from the flood. Noah is given great instructions on how to build an ark by God. He is told to use gopher wood smeared inside and outside with pitch, with 3(three) decks and internal compartments: 300 cubits long, 50 wide and 30 high. The roof will have a ‘finished to a cubit upward’ and the entrance on the side. The myth describes that the ark is afloat throughout the flood before it comes to rest on Mount Ararat. The tale is repeated with variations in the Quran with the ark appearing as Safina Nuh. The Genesis flood myth is similar to many other flood myths from a variety of other different cultures. Noah and the biblical flood story originates from the Mesopotamian version of Epic of Gilgamesh because the Biblical mythology that’s currently found in Christianity, Islam, Mandeanism and Judaism shares overlapping co nsistency with by far older written stories from Mesopotamia of the great flood. Also, the early Hebrew people were known to have lived in the land of Mesopotamia, particularly at the time of the Babylonian captivity. The narrative from Hebrew differs from the Babylonian story in that the floods come as God’s judgment on wicked humans rather than as a result of the caprice of the gods. In the Gilgamesh epic, Utnapishtim tells Gilgamesh a secret tale/story that begins in the old city of Shuruppak on the banks of river Euphrates. The great gods (Anu, Ninurta, Ennugi, Ea and Enil) were sworn to secrecy about a plan to cause a flood. However, god Ea (Enki the Sumerian god) repeats the plan to

Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Religion - Essay Example Perceptive on theism, philosophy, spirituality, and other beliefs are similar and dissimilar from what one considers of ‘religion’, can assist a lot in understanding the religion. Few points out where the outer borders of religion exist, whereas some assist to identify with what religion essentially comprises. This essay undertakes comparisons between the Jewish Religion and the Catholic Christian religion. Judaism is based on the principles and ethics incarnated in the Hebrew Bible and the Talmud and is a religion of jews. Even though Judaism has rarly been monolithic in practice, it has always been monotheistic in theology. Its central authority is not fixed in a person or group, but in sacred texts and traditions. Judaism adhered to a number of religious principles, the most significant of which is the faith in a single, omniscient, omnipotent, benevolent, supreme God, who created the universe and continues to administer it. It is the traditional Jewish belief that the God who created the world made a promise with the Israelites, and disclosed his laws and commandments to Moses on Mount Sinai in the form of the Torah, and the Jewish people are the descendants of the Israelites. The practice of Judaism turns around study and the complying of Gods laws and commandments as written in the Torah and set forth in the Talmud. Judaism is the 11th largest religious group in the world (Wikipe dia). According to Catholic belief, God, boundless and holy in himself, in a plan of total kindness generously created man to make him share in his own sacred life. Because of this, always and in every place, God get closer to man. He asks man to look for him, to know him, to love him with full of his heart and strength. He welcomes all men, scattered and alienated because of sin, into the unity of his Church. For accomplishing this goal, God sent his only Son as Redeemer and Savior of mankind. Through him and in the Holy Spirit, he asks men to turn

Spread of Islam Between 632 750

Spread of Islam Between 632 750 How and why did the Muslims conquer so many lands in the relatively short period from 632 750? After Muhammad had died, his successors (the caliphs) had conquered most of the Persian and Roman world. In 640 the Muslims had attacked the Byzantine territory in the west and had moved on in the east where they had defeated the Persians at their capital Ctesiphonin 637. By 661 all of Persia had been on Muslim hands. During the 7th to 8thcentury Islamic ruled extended to Spain and India. The Islamic had conquered these capitals in a short period of time because they had attacked the weak empires first. The Byzantine and Sassanid states had been tired of fighting each other. The cities of the middle east had been taken back and forth from Persians and back to the Byzantines had been depopulated and their survivors had been burdened with heavy taxes. The Muslims had been welcomed into both territories by discontented groups.Byzantine empirewere glad to have new overlords. These were the rea sons for the Islamic success in a short period of time. Another reason for their success was there warfare and how they practiced their skills. Theyhad practiced their skills as warriors not fighting against each other but rather against unbelievers. They were a fully armed and on horseback military. How the Islam’s expanded so quickly The strategy of attacking and overtaking weak empires worked to their benefit because it gave them the option of placing an established military presence in new territories allowing them to have a firm grip on the new territories and eventually allowing them to invade and pursue surrounding regions. Also by relocating Arab tribes onto their new territory and implementing a great taxation system it gave the empire a consistent and necessary income to pay and keep happy the soldiers. Because these tribes faced persecution prior to the Islam’s taking over they welcomed them with open arms in exchange for protection and safety. I also believe by allowing religious tolerance rather than persecution it gave them a sense if unity which in turn would allow all religions to live peacefully in harmony Why the Muslims conquered so many lands in the short period of time Muhammad wanted to spread his new religion to others. Because of Muhammad’s insistence of abandoning polytheistic cults, it brought him conflict with other people. Therefore, he had to find a place where people would follow him. He found his supporters in Medina. The people there were ready to listen to his religious message and to regard him as their leader in the community. Even though Muslims were successful at Medina, they felt threatened by the Quraysh. Muhammad and his followers killed forty-nine of the Meccan enemy at the battle of Badr. Because of his great victory, Muhammad was able to gain new followers. After Muhammad’s death, the caliphs continued and followed Muhammad’s footsteps. They conquered more territories. The Byzantine and the Sassanid empires contributed to the quick expansion of the Muslims. Because of being already weakened empires due to fighting each other, the Muslims easily conquered both territories and extended the Islamic rule into more territories. Also, like you mentioned, the Muslims were already experts to warfare. They had no problem defeating the armies that the two empires had. They conquered so many lands because of their impeccable army attacking the weak empires and their expressed welcome by the oppressed people. Although Muhammad was dead by 632, you mentioned his successors, or the caliphs attacking and killing the weak empires of Byzantine and Sassanid, that was a great point. They set up the plans to conquer the other weak empires. Kaycee’s blog was also great because she summarized the events lead up to the capture of the Byzantine and Sassanid empires.Hansen, Your comments about the Muslim empire was, excellent and your blog Kaycee was a great summary of the events of 632-750. They had attacked the weak empires first. The Byzantine and the Sassanid had been tired of fighting each other that it left their capital to be depopulated and those people who had been left behind had to burden heavy taxes. When the Muslims had taken over they were glad to have new overlords. Another reason they had succeed was because of their strong army. They practice their skills as warriors to not fight each other but other people. After the death of Muhammad, the Caliphs or Muhammad’s successors conquered the western world of Rome and Persia. The Muslims attacked the Byzantine territory in Syria with ease and moved into Egypt in the 640’s. In 637, they invaded the Sassanid Empire to the east and defeated the Persians at their capital in Ctesiphon. By 661, they defeated all of Persia. The Islamic rule later extended from Spain to India in the 7th and 8th century. The Byzantine and Sassanid states were exhausted from fighting each other. The cities of the Middle East had been taken by the Persian Empire and retaken by the Byzantine Empire. They were depopulated and the few survivors were burdened with heavy taxes. The people welcomed the Muslims, in the hopes that their economy and life would be improved. For example, many Monophysite Christians were persecuted in their countries and they wanted to be free from discrimination. They were glad to have new Islamic overlords. There were also other reas ons for the Islamic success. The Islamic forces were now fighting together in groups called jihads. The jihads were against non-believers, especially non-Islamic peoples. They rode on horseback and camels and were a united front. The leaders or the Caliphs also played an important part in the relatively short takeover of other countries. The first two Caliphs ruled in conflict. The third Caliph, Uthman (r.644-656), a member of the Umayyad family and one of Muhammad’s sons-in-law, aroused discontentment among other clan member of the inner circle and soldiers. They were discontent because of his distribution of high offices and revenues. Under the Umayyad caliphate, the Muslim world became a state with its capital at Damascus. Borrowing from the instruction or laws of the civilizations that they had just conquered, the Muslims issued coins and hired former Byzantine and Persian officials. They made a functioning government, a centralization of a capital and made a common langu age. As the Islamic people became organized conquering lands was easier and faster. Works cited Hunt Lynn, Thomas R. Martin, R. Po-chia Hsia, Bonnie G. Smith, and Barbara H. Rosenwein. The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures. Second.Vol. I: to 1740. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2007. Print. The Muslims conquered so much land in a short period of time because initially they attacked already vulnerable empires.For example the Byzantine and Sassanid states had been mangled from many years of war and over taking that territory was essentially easy. Also the acceptance of Muslims by discontented groups in Byzantine and Sassanid gave them a solid building foundation in the new territories.These groups were Monophysite Christians were persecuted so they welcomed in the new lords.The already powerful Muslim warriors who had been fighting civilly were now united and were fighting wars and killing non believers together.They would invade and take over territory and when doing so they would build cities where they would move captured Arab tribes to live, work and pay taxes to them.By doing so they had established a command post for their military to fight out of in each territory making it easier to move and expand into other parts of Syria and Egypt.By the beginning of the eighth century Islamic rule had power over territories reaching from Spain to India. I also believe that because the Islamic warriors maintained peace and gave freedom of religion to the cities they had control over gave them an easier way to establish a following.They allowed religious tolerance for a special tax and protected the cities from civil wars and invaders.It gave citizens a peace of mind.

Heart of Darkness, Apocalypse Now, and Hollow Men Essays -- Movie Film

Faà §ade of Civilization Exposed in Heart of Darkness, Apocalypse Now, and Hollow Men "Civilization", like "democracy" is something of a loaded term. For democracy there is a straightforward definition; a democracy is a society where the members of that society vote for their political leaders. "Democracy" can also refer to a set of social attitudes that individuals can possess. For instance, a snob possesses attitudes that can be described as "undemocratic" regardless of his or her participation in the political process of his or her own society. The term civilization literally means a society which has reached a high level of organization and development, which can be characterized by highly specified division of labor, monumental architecture, a redistributive economy, and a highly developed degree of literacy, among other things. The term "civilization" also refers to a set of attitudes and behavior that Western society has adopted as being consonant with the literal definition of civilization. A "civilized" individual is one who is well-educated, moral, virtuous, humanitarian, and possesses a degree of innate "nobility." In today's world these terms, and therefore the term "civilization", are understood throughout the world according to their European definitions, and therefore they are, to a certain degree, ethno-centric. This is because of the predominant role European civilization has played in shaping world civilization. With the exception of Japan, every place on earth has been occupied and administered by a European power for a significant period of time during the last five hundred years. Today the world's understanding of how nations should govern themselves is with constitutions patterned after European models, w... ...ion", and that sense of loss is "the horror." For them the Apocalypse, the end of civilization had come, and when Kurtz meets his mortal end, it's not with a bang but a whimper.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Western Civilization has risen to produce what are arguably some of the highest, most virtuous ideals of mankind. The message that The Hollow Men and Apocalypse Now give is that in Western Civilization's quest for self-aggrandizement, those ideals get lost. What is left is but the empty faà §ade, the hollow men, and in the hearts and minds of the hollow men, the apocalypse descends and "civilization" ends not with a bang but a whimper. Works Cited: Conrad, James. Heart of Darkness and Other Tales. Great Britain, BPC paperbacks ltd. 1990. Eliot, Thomas Stearns. â€Å"The Hollow Men.† The Complete Poems and Plays: 1909-1950. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1971.

Like a Flower

Alejandra Luna Dr. White English 201 15 September 2011 Like a Flower Love blooms with love, like a flower blooms with water. â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† is a story written by John Steinbeck. This story takes place in 1937, a time when women were not appreciated. Women were supposed to stay home and raise their children. The main character, Elisa Allen, feels distant from her husband Henry. The fact that they didn’t have children, might play a role in that feeling, and is probably the reason she wants to be involved with the farm’s business. â€Å"Her face was lean and strong and her eyes were as clear as water† (Steinbeck 629).Elisa might seem strong on the outside, but deep inside she is fragile like a flower. Though fragile â€Å"her eyes were as clear as water† which means she has very clear what she wants and needs. Just like a flower, she needs care and attention. The point of this story, in my opinion, was to demonstrate the importance of taking care of a woman, not just economically, but emotionally and physically. If you don’t water your flowers they will die, just like love will die without care. Some men think that by providing economically, they are doing enough.A woman might have the biggest and prettiest house, the most expensive car, and the best brand clothes, but that might never be enough to make her happy. We all need someone to love us, someone to hold us at night, to awake to in the morning, someone to have breakfast with and talk to about our sorrows or joys. Money can never replace the need for a companion. Economical support is a marital responsibility, not a sign of love. Furthermore, a woman needs emotional support, she needs someone that listens to her opinion and takes it into consideration, someone who will value her thoughts and ideas.Men have no idea how important it is for a woman to be valued, to be listened to. Many people will agree that communication is a key concept in a relationship, s o knowing about her interest will give you a reason to talk about something both of you have knowledge about. It does not matter if it’s not something that interests you, as long as it interests her it will help, it will also bring you close to each other; just like Elisa felt close to the stranger, when he seemed interested in her Chrysanthemum’s.Another good way to support her emotionally is to complement her. Complement her accomplishments, or simply her beauty. Don’t say â€Å"you look so nice† (Steinbeck 635). You look so nice is not the right thing to say, use words like beautiful, radiant, dazzling, etc. Remind her why you chose to marry her and how you promised to honor and respect her for the rest of your life. Simple thing like that, can bring our self-esteem up; it will make us feel wanted and loved. Lastly care for her physically, and by physically, I’m not referring to sex.Sex is important in a relationship, but what I mean is a simple caress, or to get cozy on the couch, and also take her out on a date â€Å"I ought to take you in to dinner oftener. It would be good for both of us. We get so heavy out on the ranch† (Steinbeck 636). Henry noticed that he needed to pay more attention to his wife, he realized they are kept very busy at the ranch and don’t have time for each other. That is very common in marriages; we get carried away with our job or our children and forget how important it is to pay attention to our partner. Also help around with household chores, sometimes men don’t realize how hard we work.In my case for example; I am the first one to get up in the morning, and the last one to go to bed at night; in between that, I have three daughters, chores and school. It makes a woman very happy, when her husband gets involved and helps with the responsibilities. I truly appreciate all my husband does at home, even though he has two jobs, he comes home and helps out when I have to do home work. Taking care of a woman is as important as taking care of your flowers. If you want a beautiful garden, you water it. I you want a beautiful wife, you take care of her. he leaned over the wire fence that protected her flower garden from cattle and dogs and chickens† (Steinbeck 629). You don’t have to put up a wire fence to keep the dogs away from your flower, all you have to do is take care of her economically, to give her comfort; emotionally, to give her peace and physically to keep her young and beautiful. That is the best way to keep the dogs away, and keep her interested in no one but you. Works Cited Steinbeck, John. â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† Compact Literature: Reading, reacting, writing. Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell, eds. MA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2010 628-636 Print.

The revised code of 1862 essays

The revised code of 1862 essays In 1858 a Royal Commission chaired by the Duke of Newcastle, was formed to investigate the rising level of public expenditure on education. The findings, titled The State of Popular Education in England, were published in 1861 and recommended that money for education should continue. Such funding would be based upon a system of payment by results. The Vice President of the Education Board at this time, Robert Lowe, accepted the main points set out by the Newcastle Commission and in 1862 announced a Revised Code for Education. The aim of this essay is to explain the intentions and targets of the revised code and whether these were achieved. The Commission was appointed in June 1858 and after examining the reports of Inspectors of Schools from 1839 to 1858 the Commissioners decided they required fresh information on schools. In order to obtain this, Assistant Commissioners were selected to gather the information from a number of districts. These districts were to be representative of the country, and comprise two of the agricultural, manufacturing, mining, maritime, and metropolitan areas. Robert Lowe, at this time the Vice President of the Education Board, accepted the report totalling 634 pages on behalf of the Government. Lowe was born in Nottinghamshire in 1811, educated at University College, Oxford; he was called to the bar in 1842. After immigrating to Australia, where he developed a successful law firm, he returned to England in 1850. He took office with the government in 1852 and in 1859 was appointed Vice President of the Education Board. Following the 1868 General Election, Lowe became Chancellor of the Exch equer and then in 1873 he became Home Secretary. During 1880 he was created Viscount Sherbrooke and served in the House of Lords until he died in 1892. To inquire into the present system of popular education in England, and to consider and report what measures, if any, are required for the exten...

Salud! and Cuban healthcare system

Salud! and Cuban healthcare system According to the film ‘Salud’, physicians reside within the neighborhoods that they are supposed to serve (Gorry, 2009). The Cuban healthcare system focuses mainly on preventive services and execution of rapid treatment whenever patients are admitted to hospitals. Effective emergency responders to cater for unexpected events such as earthquakes have also been trained in Cuba.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on â€Å"Salud!† and Cuban healthcare system specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are several Cuban doctors who have been dispatched to over 100 countries across the world. Some of the countries being served by Cuban doctors include Venezuela, Central America, South Africa and Gambia. These are fulltime medical experts. However, the US doctors can only be dispatched to destinations that demand specialized emergency care on short term basis (Gorry, 2009). Free medial training is offered to s tudents from the United States, Latin America, Africa and other parts of the world. Although Cuba is a poor nation compared to the US, it trains medical personnel at no cost. This is not the case with the US. There are no private healthcare systems in Cuba since all the healthcare establishments are run by the government (Carrol, 2007). A robust private sector orientation is one of the strengths of the US healthcare system. A private system ensures that product manufacturers can continually undertake medical innovation with the aim of improving both quality and access to healthcare for individuals who are well covered by medical insurance. For example, there is a great level of flexibility for employer-based insurance because it is easy to adjust the system at any time according to the changing healthcare dynamics (Institute of Medicine, 2003). On the other hand, coverage controlled by the employer cannot be possessed by an employee due to lack of portability. Therefore, employees a ttached to short term employment contracts may suffer as a result of this weakness. Moreover, incentives for prevention are minimal because several workers often shift from one job to another on a regular basis. Rapid escalation of healthcare cost is yet another weakness of the US healthcare system. This has been worsened by expansive coverage due to the federal tax exemption advanced to employers (Institute of Medicine, 2001). The best way the US system can be transformed is by adopting a market-based system through a well planned incremental approach. This will improve healthcare efficiency. The federal tax law can be reformed in such a way that open-hand arrangements are avoided. The latter can be replaced by the use of vouchers. Regulatory regimes can also be created by individual states so that coverage rules and regulations are controlled at the local level.Advertising Looking for term paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are quite a number of aspects in the Cuban healthcare system that the US healthcare ought to adopt. For instance, it is vital to note that the Cuban healthcare system is significantly affordable to patients compared to that of the United States. Cuba spends about US$5.49 for in-patient hospital stay per day (Carrol, 2007). On the other hand, the United States healthcare system demands approximately US$ 1,994 to sustain an in-patient for a single day in hospital (Institute of Medicine, 2003). These are remarkable differences in terms of healthcare costs between the two countries. The US healthcare system should embrace ways of reducing the cost of accessing medical care and also improving quality. Even though the US healthcare system is costly to healthcare recipients, quality in some healthcare institutions is till below the expected standards. As much as importation of some medical merchandise takes place in Cuba, a significant amount of medica l goods are still manufactured locally. However, the cost of labor is lower in Cuba than the US. If the United States can lower the cost of labor and improve local production of vital medicinal products, then access and quality towards healthcare will equally be boosted (Institute of Medicine, 2001). In addition, personal effects such as water, food, hypodermic needles and bed sheets can be brought by patients into hospitals as it is the case in Cuba. When patients are allowed to take care of basic personal expenses, the government healthcare systems will lower the cost of operations by a remarkable margin. References Carrol, R. (2007). Economic crisis boost to health of Cubans. London: The Guardian. Gorry, C. (2009). Salud! Cuba’s Medical Diplomacy. Retrieved from lahabana.com/content/salud-cubas-medical-diplomacy/ Institute of Medicine (2001). Aligning payment policies with quality improvement. In crossing the quality chasm. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.Adve rtising We will write a custom term paper sample on â€Å"Salud!† and Cuban healthcare system specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Institute of Medicine (2003). The healthcare environment and its relations to disparities. In Unequal treatment: Confronting racial and ethnic disparities in healthcare. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.

Introduction of television to Australia in 1956 Essay

Introduction of television to Australia in 1956 - Essay Example Between 1953 and 1954, the royal commission was put in place to handle different issues such as; to give an adequate report on the total number of the commercial television stations that could be established and operated effectively in the whole nation. It was also suppose to give a clear outline on the standards required in different programs so that the television broadcasting could be used in an appropriate manner for the sake of the public interest. In Australia, the television was new and everything that took place on it was also new. Most of the first shows that took place in the Australian television were mainly from different radio shows. Among the early broadcasts were; different events on sports, news concerning the current affairs, game shows and other different shows which had been acquired from overseas (Allen and Hill, 2004 p. 56). When television was first introduced, few individuals had television sets as compared to the current situation. Hence, most individuals woul d gather in different places such friends or family member’s homes who owned televisions so as to watch news and various programs. In some cases, individuals would even gather in streets in order to watch televisions from different stores. The new technology gained popularity within a short period. The change was felt by other different business in Australia within the first year of television launching. Most individuals in the country opted to remain indoors in the evening to watch television instead of socializing with friends. Cinemas located in different parts of the country had to be closed and in the transport sector, several taxis operators realized most people were no longer using their services. The lifestyle of Australians was transformed significantly in just one year. In Australia the research on television history is viewed as being undeveloped as compared to that the film and the radio. Before the establishment of the television in Sydney and Melbourne in 1956, significant debate concerning the television’s cultural values and capabilities had been conducted. This debate had great influence on the nature and the regulatory framework of operation of the Australian television. Several arguments which took place clearly portrayed different attitudes which still remain in the country’s public debate today. The public discussions of television mainly focused on the appropriate forms of ownership and control, and the possible television virtues and vices (Andrews and Curtis, 1998 p.43). Majority of the individuals, who took part in the discussion concerning the television and the future of the new technology in Australia, had not had a chance to see it. Different cultural bodies, public interest groups and those with commercial interest participated actively in defining the television system. The main issue in the debate was whether the television services should be introduced in Australia; whether the television system should be o wned publicly or privately or both; the degree of government agencies control on the privately owned system; and whether the Australian-made television material would be accorded protection against the imported material. Most of the debated issues concerning ownership control and regulation focused mainly on the cultural questions. The government consideration of the television introduction was first conducted with the joint parliamentary committee who were appointed by the Menzies government. The report of the committee was of great importance especially for the public regulation of the media. The committee dealt with the witnesses of the future TV, among these was witnesses from the electronic equipment manufacturers. They also heard other views from the radio broadcasting and the Postmaster

Bacteria menningitis haemophilus influenza Essay

Bacteria menningitis haemophilus influenza - Essay Example It is responsible for lower respiratory tract infections in children. They are opportunistic pathogens and only become pronounced on exposure of the body to viral infections, immune dysfunction, and chronic inflammation. They stick to the cells by use of adhesions such as TAA. It causes pneumonia, bacteremia, and acute bacterial meningitis. It also causes infectious arthritis, osteomyelitis, epiglottitis, and cellulitis. Vaccination is available against the bacteria using their conjugates. However, non-encapsulated strains do not get affected and cause otitis media (ear infection) and conjunctivitis. Causative Agent The Haemophilus influenza meningitis is caused by Haemophilus influenza type b bacteria. The bacteria are in the kingdom of bacteria; phylum is proteobacteria; the class is gamma proteobacteria; the order is pasteurellales; the family is pasteurellaceae; the genus is haemophilus and the species is Haemophilus influenza. It is a rod shaped gram-negative bacteria coccobacil lus bacterium (Evans and Brachman 14). It possesses the aerobic nature but can also grow as a facultative anaerobe. It has two serotypes; the encapsulated and the non-encapsulated strains. The encapsulated strains were classified into H. Influenza: a (Hia), b (Hib), c (Hic), d (Hid), e (Hie), and f (Hif). This classification is based on the capsular antigens present. The non-encapsulated are non-typable due to the lack of the capsular serotype. They produce inflammatory responses and remain less invasive. The inflammation of the meningeal membranes, which covers the brain, causes the symptoms of meningitis. This makes them resistant to the H. influenza vaccine that is induced to vaccinate against the bacteria. This leads to conditions like pneumonia and otitis media often seen in children, which are the complications, associated with meningitis. H. influenzae, in a Gram stain of a sputum sample, appear as Gram-negative coccobacilli H. Influenzae on an agar plate. Pathogenesis The pa thogenesis of the bacteria is not well defined. However, the main factor to its pathogenesis is the type b polysaccharide capsule. This capsule harbors the antigen responsible for the effects associated with the disease. The encapsulated bacteria can penetrate the surfaces of the epithelium and get into the blood capillaries without hindrance. The antigens present on the capsule allow for its direct penetration. The capsule enclosure makes the bacteria resist phagocytosis by the phagocytes and, thus, its infiltration into the inside. The complement cascade of the host immune system cannot act on the bacteria, thus, making it get invasive. The non-encapsulated strain is lowly invasive compared to the encapsulated. This is because they lack the capsule, hence, the lack of antigens responsible for infiltrating the bilayer. However, they can induce the inflammatory response of different cells that later cause disease. This later leads to the symptoms associated with the disease. It is a lso abundantly evident after an infection of the upper respiratory region. The infection multiplies by spreading from the respiratory tract and then to the bloodstream and later spreads to the meninges. At the meninges, the pathogen induces inflammation and the complement activation. This inflammation around the meninges causes the meningitis associated with the disease. This affects nerve impulse transmission and, thus, causes illness or later death. The bacterium also produces beta lactamases, to aid in its resistance